CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words used as joiners.
Different kinds of conjunctions join
different kinds of grammatical structures.
The following are the kinds of
conjunctions:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Coordinating conjunctions join equals to one another:
words to
words, phrases to
phrases, clauses to
clauses.
Coordinating conjunctions usually
form looser connections than other conjunctions do.
Coordinating conjunctions go in
between items joined, not at the beginning or end.
Punctuation with coordinating
conjunctions:
When a coordinating conjunction
joins two words, phrases, or subordinate clauses, no comma should be
placed before the conjunction.
A coordinating conjunction joining three
or more words, phrases, or subordinate clauses creates a series and
requires commas between the elements.
A coordinating conjunction joining two independent clauses
creates a compound sentence and requires a comma before
the coordinating conjunction
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either. . .or
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both. . . and
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neither. . . nor
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not only. . . but also
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These pairs of conjunctions
require equal (parallel) structures after each one.
These conjunctions join independent
clauses together.
The following are frequently used
conjunctive adverbs:
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after all
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in addition
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next
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also
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incidentally
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nonetheless
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as a result
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indeed
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on the contrary
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besides
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in fact
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on the other hand
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consequently
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in other words
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otherwise
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finally
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instead
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still
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for example
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likewise
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then
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furthermore
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meanwhile
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therefore
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hence
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moreover
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thus
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however
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nevertheless
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Punctuation:
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Place a semicolon before the
conjunctive adverb and a comma after the conjunctive adverb.
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These words are commonly used as
subordinating conjunctions
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after
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in order (that)
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unless
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although
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insofar as
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until
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as
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in that
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when
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as far as
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lest
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whenever
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as soon as
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no matter how
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where
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as if
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now that
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wherever
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as though
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once
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whether
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because
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provided (that)
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while
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before
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since
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why
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even if
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so that
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even though
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supposing (that)
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how
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than
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if
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that
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inasmuch as
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though
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in case (that)
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till
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Subordinating conjunctions also join
two clauses together, but in doing so, they make one clause dependent (or
"subordinate") upon the other.
A subordinating conjunction may
appear at a sentence beginning or between two clauses in a sentence.
A subordinate conjunction usually
provides a tighter connection between clauses than a coordinating conjunctions
does.
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Loose:
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It is raining, so we
have an umbrella.
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Tight:
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Because it is raining, we have an umbrella.
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Punctuation Note:
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When the dependent clause is
placed first in a sentence, use a comma between the two clauses. When
the independent clause is placed first and the dependent clause second, do
not separate the two clauses with a comma.
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