CONDITIONAL SENTENCES "IF CLAUSE" (KALIMAT PENGANDAIAN)

 

Conditional Sentences “If Clause”

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional
Mixed type	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	Past perfect	Present contditional

The zero conditional

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple present
If this thing happens	that thing happens.
If you heat ice	it melts.
If it rains	the grass gets wet.

Type 1 conditional

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

 

 

 

 

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple future
If this thing happens	that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry	you will miss the train.
If it rains today	you will get wet.

Type 2 conditional

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple past	present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened	that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier	you would not be so tired.
If it rained	you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian	I would be working in Italy.

Type 3 conditional

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder	you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained	you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion	I would have been working in Milan.

Mixed type conditional

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past	present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school	I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map	we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders	you would have picked it up and put it outside.

 

For more information about If Conditional Sentences, click this link : https://youtu.be/mCNMdePD-vk

 

 

Sources : English First & Wallstreet

SOAL ESSAY BAB ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION - BAHASA INGGRIS KELAS XI

Learning English

Learning English through music and songs can be very enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.

Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.

Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text. Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically, lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary sample. 

Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time reference

In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.

Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.

From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.

1. What is the type of the text above?

2. What is the communicative purpose of the text?

3. The generic structures of the text are ….

4. What is the text about ….

5. Based on the text, how many reasons to use songs in language learning?

6. “They provide variety and fun, and encourage harmony within oneself and within one

      group.” The underlined word refers to ….

7. Which paragraph is called arguments?

8. The structure of the last paragraph is called by ...

9. What conclusions learning through music and song?

10. The main idea of paragraph two is?

Illegal Logging

 

Illegal Logging is really a problematic case in this country. There are three reasons why it is the case.

Firstly, the illegal logging has threatened the people who live in the countryside around or under the area. The bald forest or hills make a big danger when the rainy seasons come. The great quantity of water can create landslides since there are no enough trees to hold the water and land. We have seen the landslide disasters which happened in many areas in Indonesia. The number of the areas struck by landslide has increased.

The second reason is that the uncontrolled trees felling seems to go on without any significant effort of the government to stop it. According to some news sources in Newspaper and news program on TV, the activities of illegal cutting of the trees in some regions are actually known b the government officers. The police and local government let them cut the threes because they are given much money for themselves. They do not think their actions endanger the people around the forests. Therefore, it can be said that illegal logging is illegal but known by the officers.

The third is that the illegal felling of the forest trees can destroy the natural ecosystem. When the forest trees are continuously cut and the rein forestation is not done as the rule, the natural ecosystem is in a terrible danger. The system which is formed by the interaction between a community of organisms, including humans and animals, and their physical environment will be threatened. Human beings in several villages have been killed. Wide areas of farms are destroyed by the piles of mud and thousands of farm animals are killed and lost. Who are suffering ?

Based on the given reasons, uncontrolled illegal logging is a serious problem that needs to be solved immediately by both the government and citizens as the owners of the forest.

 

 

1. How many arguments are presented in the written exposition above ?

2. Whose lives are threatened by the illegal logging ? 

3. In what season do landslides usually happen ? why ?

4. Have the local government done something to prevent illegal logging ?

5. Can you mention the losses or victims of landslides ?

6. Why illegal logging destroy the natural ecosystem ?

7. Why must the problem of illegal logging be solved soon ?

8. Do you know the best way to handle this problem ?

9. What do some people do illegal logging for ?

10. What is your personal opinion about illegal logging ?

Use of Formalin and Other Additives in Foods

 

The use of Formalin and other dangerous preservatives in foods has been a serious problem for three reasons. Firstly, formalin is not for human beings, but it is for biological specimen and experiments. Formalin in Biology is a 10 % solution of formaldehyde in water which is usually used as a disinfectant or to preserve biological specimens. Thus, it is not for food preservative. Of course when it is used for food preservative, it will be very dangerous to humans’ body.

The second reason is that there is no tight control from the government. This condition makes the people’s health is really in threat. When the control is weak and the use of formalin was spread wide all over the Indonesian regions, and these days it has really happened, the citizens’ bodies will be badly contaminated with the poisons. Fish or food traders still sell their products which contain formalin and dangerous preservatives. Can you imagine that our digestive system absorbs the substance that should be for the human and animal corpses?

The third is that the difficult economy seems not end. This can make situation worse. We all know that today’s economy is very difficult. People buy daily products and fulfill their need with high costs. Things are getting more and more expensive. Consequently, the food production cost increases. For example, the preservation process for fish will be much cheaper f the producers use formalin. They know the danger of Formalin, but they don’t care about the other’s health. What is in their mind is only how to get profit.

Considering the reasons, we can make a conclusion that the use of formalin and other preservatives is really a serious problem if it is not resolved immediately.

1. What is the purpose of the text ?

2. What the tense is used in the text ?

3. What is the function of formalin actually ? 

4. Why do food producers like to use formalin actually ?

5. “ they know the danger of formalin, but they don’t care about the others’ health”

( paragraph 4). What does “ they” in the sentence refer to ?

6. Has the government controlled the use of formalin and other dangerous preservatives effectively?

7. What can human being suffer if they consume formalin for a long time ?

8. Do you think that the problem is very complicated ? Why ?

9. What should be done about this matter ?

 

Menyoal wacana pemerintah tentang kebijakan membuka kembali sekolah ditengah pandemi; new normal pendidikan

Menyoal wacana pemerintah tentang kebijakan membuka kembali sekolah ditengah pandemi; new normal pendidikan

     Saat ini, kita sedang dikejutkan dengan mewabahnya suatu virus yang secara masif telah menyebar  pada lebih dari 250 negara di dunia, tidak terkecuali di Indonesia. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) yang telah ditetapkan sebagai pandemik oleh WHO (World Health Organization) ini telah mewabah lebih dari 3 bulan di negara kita ini. Akibat dari ditetapkannya Covid-19  sebagai pandemi, dunia pun mengalami perubahan secara global. Berbagai perubahan yang terjadi membuat banyak orang terasa gagap harus adaptasi dengan sistem dan keadaan yang baru, salah satu yang paling merasakan dampaknya adalah sektor pendidikan.

        

          Sekilas kita melakukan flashback, saat pandemi Covid-19 belum terjadi di Indonesia dan seluruh dunia, kita mungkin melaksanakan segalanya dengan mudah dan tampak normal serta biasa saja. Dalam sektor pendidikan misalnya, dimana murid terbiasa datang ke sekolah untuk belajar, kemudian mereka mendengarkan serta mencatat segala ilmu dan pengatahuan yang diberikan oleh pendidik. Bandingkan dengan saat pandemi datang dan mengubah tatanan kehidupan pendidikan, semuanya tampak gagap, aneh dan mengagetkan pelbagai pihak, dan mengubah tatanan hidup banyak orang. Memang, anak milenial terbiasa menggunakan gadgetnya untuk menunjang kehidupan sehari-hari, termasuk sebagai alat untuk mendukung pelajaran di sekolah. Namun sekarang, disaat murid dan guru harus belajar dan mengajar dari rumah (home learning) ,  kegagapan akan adaptasi dengan teknologi kerap terjadi meskipun mereka sering menggunakannya. Kenapa bisa terjadi hal demikian? Karena mereka harus menghadapi tantangan dimana mereka belum pernah merasakan sebelumnya. Ya, wabah ini adalah tantangan global yang suka atau tidak suka, mau atau tidak mau harus mereka hadapi dan mengubah kebiasaan yang sudah lama dilakukan. Banyak anak sekolah yang tak tahu harus mengerjakan apa saat mereka harus belajar dari rumah. Belum lagi, banyak guru yang belum menguasai teknologi sebagai penunjang pendidikan, alhasil murid merasa terbengkalai selama beberapa minggu sambil menunggu pekerjaan rumah atau tugas apa yang akan mereka dapatkan dari sekolah.

      

      Sebagai contoh, penulis pernah mendapati sebuah fakta di lapangan, seorang guru PNS di sekolah SMP Negeri yang letaknya tidak jauh dari ibu kota, penulis mendapat kesempatan untuk sekedar melakukan tanya jawab dengan guru tersebut, ia mengakui saat awal diberlakukannya sistem belajar dari rumah (Home /Online Learning) atau Pembelajaran jarak Jauh (PJJ) untuk anak sekolah, ia tidak tahu harus memberikan tugas dengan metode daring yang seperti apa kepada anak didiknya, karena pengertian Home/Online Learning  yang sekolahnya terapkan belum dipahami secara menyeluruh, baik oleh pihak guru maupun peserta didik. Bahkan, yang mungkin menjadi perhatian bersama adalah, banyak murid yang memang tidak punya gadget untuk menunjang akivitas Online Learning itu.  Itu adalah salah satu fakta yang penulis temui langsung di lapangan. Artinya apa, konsep belajar di rumah, baik itu offline/online learning belum sepenuhnya dimengerti, apalagi diaplikasikan.

      Sejalan dengan beberapa fakta tersebut, sepertinya era new normal pendidikan adalah sebuah tantangan bagi sekolah, murid, dan orangtua untuk lebih menyadari bahwa perubahan global (global change) itu sebuah keniscayaan yang nyata, tidak bisa dihindari, dan harus dihadapi bersama. Bukan hal yang mudah untuk beradaptasi, hampir setiap orang memulainya dengan kendala hingga berangsur-angsur terbiasa. Seiring berjalannya waktu hingga sekarang, bagi kebanyakan anak, kegiatan belajar daring ini sudah menjadi kegiatan sehari – hari di masa pandemi. Begitu pula guru yang awalnya gagap teknologi dipaksa cepat menyesuaikan diri dengan beragam aplikasi, membuat video pembelajaran dan menggunakan platform digital lain agar tetap keep in touch dengan anak didiknya di rumah masing-masing. Berkat Covid-19 ini, maka bermunculanah pelbagai macam platform digital, sebut saja Zoom cloud meeting, Cisco Webex, google Hangout, Google Video, Zenius, dan lain-lain. Penggunaan teknologi diatas bisa saja dilakukan oleh anak sekolah di kota-kota besar, dengan fasilitas yang lengkap dan memadai, dengan keadaan finansial keluarga/orangtua yang mencukupi, dimana anak – anak mereka punya ketersediaan kuota yang nonstop, jaringan internet yang dicukupi, serta perhatian dan keterlibatan orangtua yang sangat intens melalui sosial media dengan guru-gurunya.

     

        Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah, faktanya bahwa kewajiban belajar di rumah ini bukan hanya diperuntuhkan untuk anak sekolah di kota besar saja, karena ini sifatnya sudah nasional dimana kewajiban anak belajar dari rumah diterapkan di banyak daerah lain juga. Jika melihat ketersediaan fasilitas, jelas di daerah memang ada yang jauh tertinggal dengan kota besar, pemerataan pendidikan memang belum sepenuhnya berhasil, apalagi kecukupan finansial orangtua juga menjadi perhatian, mereka tidak sanggup jika harus memberikan anaknya gadget satu persatu untuk menunjang belajar mereka, belum lagi urusan kuota dan pulsa yang harus dipenuhi saat harus online learning dari rumah.

       

          Lalu apa yang harus sekolah, murid, dan orangtua siapkan jika memang sekolah akan dibuka dalam waktu dekat, padahal kurva kasus positif Covid-19 ini masih sangat tinggi di negeri ini? Hak untuk mendapatkan pendidikan tetaplah harus dipenuhi oleh Negara, dan sekolah wajib memenuhinya dalam rangka mewujudkan tujuan pendidikan nasional dan mengembangkan kecakapan sumber daya manusia. Jika memang pemerintah dalam hal ini telah siap untuk kembali membuka sekolah dan lembaga pendidikan lainnya, maka beberapa hal perlu diperhatikan, karena sekolah adalah tempat yang secara masif menampung anak didik dalam skala yang besar dengan durasi yang cukup lama (pagi sampai sore). Kesiapan sekolah menjadi faktor utama jika kebijakan sekolah siap dibuka, beberapa hal diantaranya adalah:

1. Pemberlakuan shift murid secara bergantian

Shift murid yang datang ke sekolah sejatinya bukan hal yang baru, hanya saja jika dilakukan ditengah situasi pandemik seperti ini pastilah berbeda. Segala konsekuensi harus diperhatikan jika kebijakan tersebut dilaksanakan Sebagai contoh, kelas X belajar di sekolah hari Senin-Selasa, Kelas XI Rabu-Kamis, dan Kelas XII nya Jumat-Sabtu, lalu sisa hari mereka yang tidak datang ke sekolah harus dilaksanakan secara daring/jarak jauh (belajar dari rumah)

2. Pengadaan Hand sanitizer dan Termometer di tiap kelas/sekolah

Begitu rentannya sekolah sebagai tempat berkumpul guru & murid merupakan faktor yang harus diperhatikan dalam memerangi pandemik ini, dimana murid dengan jumlah yang banyak harus berkumpul dalam satu kelas dan terjadi interaksi meskipun harus dibatasi. Maka penggunakan sabun cuci tangan, handsanitizer, dan sejenisnya adalah hal yang mutlak disediakan oleh sekolah. Guru dan murid dicek suhu tubuhnya secara berkala agar keadaan selalu terkontrol. Jika guru & murid tersebut merasa tidak enak abdan/sakit, alangkah baiknya untuk tidak wajib datang ke sekolah demi menghindari hal yang ditakutkan. Bahkan, sekolah tidak boleh melarang jika ada orangtua yang memilih untuk tidak memberangkatkan anaknya ke sekolah karena alasan penyebaran pandemi ini, bahkan sekolahpun wajib memenuhi hak-hak belajar muridnya tersebut.

3. Atur meja kelas agar berjarak

Mengatur posisi meja belajar murid dan meja guru di kelas menjadi hal yang wajib dilakukan oleh sekolah. Murid pun dilarang untuk berpindah tempat duduk dengan alasan apapun. Mengingat kondisi rentan ini, murid mau tak mau harus membatasi geraknya di kelas. Gurupun cukup menjelaskan materi ajarnya di depan kelas dengan berjarak, tidak perlu berputar mengelilingi murid-muridnya. Inilah hal baru yang harus dibiasakan oleh guru dan murid, tentunya jika memang pemerintah siap membuka kembali sekolah ditengah pandemi ini.

4. Hindari kontak fisik

Physical distancing wajib diaplikasikan di sekolah, guru dan murid untuk sementara tidak salaman terlebih dahulu, antar guru di ruang guru pun harus tetap jaga jarak aman, murid di kelas pun sama. Pembatasan aktivitas atau pergerakan memang harus dipatuhi, apalagi melihat pola penyebaran virus ini yang memang tidak bisa ditebak. Maka, membatasi pergerakan dengan menjaga jarak adalah sebuah keharusan.

5. Membatasi jam belajar anak di sekolah

Mengingat rentannya sekolah sebagai tempat yang bisa saja menyebarkan virus ini, maka hal yang wajib diperhatikan adalah waktu interaksi dan berkumpul di sekolah harus dibatasi. Terlalu lama di sekolah ditengah pandemi seperti ini juga berbahaya, maka dari itu sekolah harus membuat jadwal baru agar keterlibatan murid di sekolah harus dibatasi waktunya, agar tidak terlalu lama.

6. Penyemprotan Disinfektan

Sudah menjadi hal yang mutlak jika menyemprotkan disinfektan di sekolah adalah salah satu cara untuk meminimalisir pergerakan virus ini. Karena sekolah menjadi tempat yang rentan akan penyebarannya, maka dengan penyemprotan disinfektan secara berkala setiap hari adalah salah satu cara agar anak didik bisa terhindar dari virus ini. Kursi, meja, lorong sekolah dan pintu kelas menjadi objek yang sangat riskan jika tersentuh oleh tangan. Alhasil, penyemprotan disinfektan harus selalu diberikan oleh sekolah untuk mengurangi dampak penyebaran virus tersebut.

Begitulah kiranya hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan oleh sekolah, jika memang pemerintah berencana membuka kembali sekolah ditengah pandemi ini. Apakah Konsep seperti itulah yang disebut sebagai New normal? Itu hak anda untuk menafisrkan. Intinya, pemerintah mempunyai tanggung jawab lebih untuk memberikan rasa aman kepada rakyatnya, dan rakyat punya tanggung jawab untuk patuh terhadap segala kebijakan yang ditetapkan oleh pemerintah. Sekian.

Penulis: M. Nashruddin Akhyar (Guru di salah satu SMA swasta di Jakarta)

PJJ Bahasa Inggris Kelas X IPA/IPS (BAB HISTORICAL RECOUNT

1) Based on information in the passage, it can be concluded that Hooker lost the Battle of  Chancellorsville mostly because of his
A. vanity
B. ignorance
C. overconfidence
D. faulty information
E. vices

2) The contrast drawn between Lee and Hooker in paragraph 2 is intended to ...
A. showcase the different backgrounds and personal histories of these two enemy soldiers
B. provide support for the idea that Lee was a more virtuous person than Hooker, and therefore a better military commander
C. prove that two men with very different values could end up in similar positions of power
D. suggest that if Hooker had been more devout and principled, he might not have been outwitted by Lee
E. imply that these men fundamentally differed in their approaches to nearly everything, including  battle

3) In paragraph 3, the author quotes Hooker as saying, “My plans are perfect. And when I start to carry them out, may God have mercy on Bobby Lee, for I shall have none.” The author most likely includes this quote in order to
A. demonstrate Hooker’s belief in his own infallibility
B. provide an example of the way language has changed since 1863
C. reveal that Hooker was a deeply religious man in spite of his lifestyle
D. foreshadow Hooker’s defeat at the hands of Lee’s army
E. portray Hooker as a merciless general who was compelled by his hated of Lee

4) Based on its use in paragraph 3, it can be inferred that the word propensity belongs to which of the following word groups?
A. fondness, partiality, affection
B. flaw, fault, shortcoming
C. distaste, aversion, dissatisfaction
D. tendency, inclination, predisposition
E. confidence, self-assurance, certitude

5) How many men did Hooker position behind Lee's army?
A. 61,000
B. 70,000
C. 73,000
D. 134,000
E. 158,000

6) As used in paragraph 4, buoyed most nearly means ...
A. strengthened
B. anchored
C. floated
D. sharpened
E. heartened

7) According to the author, Hooker’s advantages going into the Battle of Chancellorsville included
I. numbers
II. position
III. strategy

A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
E. I, II, and III

8) As used in paragraph 4, buoyed most nearly means ...
A. dialogue
B. specific example
C. vivid details
D. sensory words
E. scenic descriptions

9) If this passage were to continue, which of the following would most likely be the first sentence of the next paragraph?
A. His army routed, Hooker and his reduced forces hobbled south, back to the center of Confederate  operations where he was harshly rebuked for having squandered his vast army.
B. In all his days of fighting, Hooker had never been met with such surprise and opposition; he took to solemn contemplation of the events that had transpired as well as the lessons he might learn from them.
C. Wounded in both body and spirit, Hooker and his severely diminished forces retreated to higher
ground where they proceeded to reload their weapons and prepare for a counter attack.
D. Upon returning to camp, the triumphant Lee immediately ordered for supplies to be brought up and provisions made for a raucous victory celebration.
E. Not one to gloat over his success, Lee remarked that the victory had been the product of valiant
fighting and good luck, as he began to map out strategies for their next move.

10) Based on the information in the passage, summarize the events of the Battle of Chancellorsville in
your own words. (One paragraph only)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________