Tuesday, 20 February 2018

HISTORICAL RECOUNTS



Rengasdengklok

          On August 14,1945, Japan surrended unconditionally to the Allies. The news was kept secret by the Japanese army in Indonesia, but Sutan Syahrir, the youth of Indonesia, knew it through the BBC Radio Broadcasts in London on August 15,1945. At the same time, Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh Hatta returned to the Indonesia from Saigon, Vietnam.

        On August 15, at 8 p.m., under the leadership of Chairul Saleh, younger groups and older groups gathered in the backroom Bacteriologi Laboratory which located in Jalan Pegangsaaan Timur number 13, Jakarta. The younger group argued that Indonesia must declared their independence immediately. But the older group didn’t agree that. Because of that, independence should be discussed on PPKI meeting on August 18, 1945.

        Because there was a different opinion between older groups and younger groups, younger groups brought Soekarno and Hatta to Rengasdengklok in early morning of August 16, 1945. Rengasdengklok was chosen because it was located away from Jakarta. Younger groups tried to push Soekarno and Hatta to declare Indonesian Independence.

        After had a long discussion, Soekarno was willing to declare it after returning to Jakarta. At that moment in Jakarta, Wikana from younger groups and Ahmad Soebarjo from older groups made a negotiation. The results were that the declaration of Indonesia Independence should be held in Jakarta. In addition, Tadashi Maeda allowed his place for negotiations and he was willing to guarantee their safety. Finally, Soekarno and Hatta were picked from Rengasdengklok.

        Text of Proclamation of Indonesia Independence formulated by Soekarno, Hatta, and Ahmad Subarjo. Once the text was completed and approved, Sajuti Melik then copied and typed the manuscript used a typewriter.

        At first Proclamation of Indonesia Independence would be read at Ikala Field. But looked at the road to the Ikada Field was guarded by japanese army. Finally, they moved to residence of Soekarno at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur number 56 Jakarta.


        On the day of Friday, August 17 1945, Soekarno read the Proclamation of Indonesia Independence text and then connected with a short speech without text. After that, Latif Hendra Ningrat and Soehoed was fluttering the flag which had sewn by Mrs. Fatmawati. Then audience sang Indonesia Raya song together. Finally the proclamation was heard throughout the country.   


The proclamation of Indonesian independence

The proclamation of Indonesian independence was read at 10.00 a.m. on Friday, 17 August 1945. The declaration marked the start of the diplomatic and armed resistance of the Indonesian National Revolution, fighting against the forces of the Netherlands and pro-Dutch civilians, until the latter officially acknowledged Indonesia's independence in 1949. In 2005, the Netherlands declared that they had decided to accept de facto17 August 1945 as Indonesia's independence date. In a 2013 interview the Indonesian historian Sukotjo, amongst others, asked the Dutch government to formally acknowledge the date of independence as 17 August 1945. The United Nations, who mediated in the conflict, formally acknowledge the date of independence as 27 December 1949.

The document was signed by Sukarno (who signed his name "Soekarno" using the older Dutch orthography) and Mohammad Hatta, who were appointed president and vice-president respectively the following day.

The draft was prepared only a few hours earlier, on the night of 16 August, by Sukarno, Hatta, and Soebardjo, at Rear-Admiral Maeda (Minoru) Tadashi's house, Miyako-Doori 1, Jakarta (now the "Museum of the Declaration of Independence", JL. Imam Bonjol I, Jakarta). The original Indonesian Declaration of Independence was typed by Sayuti Melik. Maeda himself was sleeping in his room upstairs. He was agreeable to the idea of Indonesia's independence, and had lent his house for the drafting of the declaration. Marshal Terauchi, the highest-ranking Japanese leader in South East Asia and son of Prime Minister Terauchi Masatake, was however against Indonesia's independence, scheduled for 24 August.

While the formal preparation of the declaration, and the official independence itself for that matter, had been carefully planned a few months earlier, the actual declaration date was brought forward almost inadvertently as a consequence of the Japanese unconditional surrender to the Allies on 15 August following the Nagasaki atomic bombing. The historic event was triggered by a plot, led by a few more radical youth activists such as Adam Malik and Chairul Saleh, that put pressure on Sukarno and Hatta to proclaim independence immediately. The declaration was to be signed by the 27 members of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) symbolically representing the new nation's diversity. The particular act was apparently inspired by a similar spirit of the United States Declaration of Independence. However, the idea was heavily turned down by the radical activists mentioned earlier, arguing that the committee was too closely associated with then soon to be defunct Japanese occupation rule, thus creating a potential credibility issue. Instead, the radical activists demanded that the signatures of six of them were to be put on the document. All parties involved in the historical moment finally agreed on a compromise solution which only included Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta as the co-signers in the name of the nation of Indonesia.

Sukarno had initially wanted the declaration to be read at Ikada Plain, the large open field in the centre of Jakarta, but due to unfounded widespread apprehension over the possibility of Japanese sabotage, the venue was changed to Sukarno's house at Pegangsaan Timur 56. There was no concrete evidence for the growing suspicions, as the Japanese had already surrendered to the Allies, The declaration of independence passed without a hitch.

The proclamation at 56, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur, Jakarta, was heard throughout the country because the text was secretly broadcast by Indonesian radio personnel using the transmitters of the JAKARTA Hoso Kyoku radio station. An English translation of the proclamation was broadcast overseas.


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